The post at Christiania became a Consulate General in The post at Christiansand closed in , became a Consular Agency in , a Consulate in , and closed in A Consulate was opened in Bergen in It closed in during the German occupation, reopened in , and closed in Dependent posts were:. Hauge was promoted to Minister and presented his new credentials on April 25, Charles H. Graves had been appointed Minister to Sweden and Norway on March 8, On November 14, , he acknowledged instructions to exercise his functions toward Norway separately, which he did until August 6, Hubert H.
Peirce was appointed Minister to Norway on June 22, , and presented his credentials on August Nazi Germany invaded Norway on April 9, After the ice melted, people from the South and North-East started migrating to Norway as the coastline offered good conditions for sealing, fishing and hunting.
The first traces of farming and the start of the Neolithic period began about BC around the Oslofjord. During the Nordic Bronze age — BC innovations in technology and farming better equipped Norwegians to grow crops and trade furs and skins. A climate shift at around BC lowered the temperature and the forests started to mainly consist of birch, pine and spruce.
Conflicts would be decided at a thing , a sacred place where punishments for crimes and other political issues would be discussed. Cultural influences from The Roman Empire started in the first century AD and Norwegians adapted letters and created their own alphabet called runes. Norwegians started trading with romans, while powerful and wealthy farmers functioned as chieftains and ruled areas of several settlements and tribes.
The Viking Age is generally considered to have lasted from — AD. Throughout this period Scandinavians and Vikings expanded through trade, colonization and raids. The Vikings were great ship-builders and their ships had exceptional qualities compared to other ships of the time. The Vikings were also excellent navigators which enabled them to spread all over Europe and even to North America!
Did you know that the Viking Leif Eriksson reached the American continent years earlier than Christopher Columbus? The Vikings were also well equipped, well trained and fearless fighters.
Vikings proceeded to raid a monastery at Jarrow in Northumbria. Over a thousand Old Norse words influenced modern English along with more than 1, place names in northeast England and the Scottish islands. Vikings were well trained with good weapons and chain-mail armor, and their belief that being killed in battle resulted in them going to Valhalla gave them a psychological advantage in battle for many years.
Misconceptions about the Vikings remain today. For example, the myth that Vikings wore horned helmets was actually an invention of 19th-century Romanticism. Although many women stayed to look after the household during Viking raids, some women and even children traveled with the men. One of the most fearsome Viking commanders was a woman, known as the Red Maiden. Read more : Think you know about the Vikings? The raids produced riches and slaves, which the Vikings brought back to Scandinavia to work the farms.
As farmland grew scarce and resistance against the invasions grew in England, the Vikings began to look at targets further afield, such as Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland. During the 9th-century, the largest chieftains began a long period of civil war until King Harald Fairhair was able to unite the country and create the first Norwegian state.
Early Vikings saw Christianity as a heretical threat to their own pagan beliefs. But in fact, Christian monks and missionaries were active in Scandinavia throughout the Viking Age. It took until the era of Olav Tryggvason for the tide to begin to change. As many chieftains feared that Christianization would rob them of power, it took centuries for Christianity to be fully accepted.
After almost a century of peace, civil war broke out in because on ambiguous rules of succession. The newly-created Archdiocese of Nidaros attempted to control the appointment of kings, which led to the church taking sides in the various battles. Through the 11th and 12th centuries, population increased drastically and farms began to be subdivided, with many landowners turning over parts of their land to the king or the church in challenging times. Throughout the 13th century a tithe of around twenty percent of a farmer's yield went to the landowners.
Norway's Golden Age at least until the much more recent discovery of oil is widely accepted to be the late 13th and early 14th-century, a time of peace and growing international trade with Britain and Germany, most notably the Hanseatic League who took control of trade through Bergen. However, this time of prosperity came to an abrupt end in as the Black Death arrived in Norway and killed a third of the population within a year.
Many communities were entirely wiped out and the subsequent reduction in tax income weakened the king's position and the church became increasingly powerful. In Olaf Haakonsson inherited the thrones of both Norway and Denmark and created a union, the start of a long period of political alliances and wars between the Scandinavian countries. Norway continued to play a minor role in the Union until Sweden declared independence in the s.
This created a Denmark-Norway nation ruled from Copenhagen. Frederick I of Denmark favored Martin Luther's Reformation and initially agreed not to introduce Protestantism to Norway but in he proceeded to begin the process.
Read more : Defining Scandinavia and Northern Europe. The Catholic resistance within Norway was led by Olav Engelbrektsson, but found little support. Christian III formerly introduced Lutheranism, demoted Norway to the status of a Danish province and introduced the Danish written language, although Norwegian dialects remained in place. The population also grew, from around , in to around , in Many Norwegians earned a living as sailors in foreign ships, especially the Dutch ships which came for the timber.
To avoid deforestation, a royal decree closed a large number of sawmills in ; because this mostly affected farmers with small mills, by the mid 18th century only a handful of merchants controlled the entire lumber industry. Throughout the period, Bergen was the largest town in the country, twice the size of Christiania now Oslo and Trondheim combined.
A national assembly was called at Eidsvoll, but rather than elect Frederik as an absolute monarch the members instead chose to form a constitution. It was written over the course of five weeks and adopted on May 17, , the date which is celebrated today as Norwegian Constitution Day. News crews arrived first, but could only watch Breivik's massacre.
Police officers drove to the shore and used boats to get to the island. On September 9, , Norway held a parliamentary election. The right-of-center coalition won 96 seats, while the Red-Green incumbent government coalition kept 72 seats. The Green Party took one seat. This was the fourth election for incumbent Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg. He was defeated in the parliamentary election, but won in and If Stoltenberg would've won in , he would have been the first prime minister in Norway's history to be elected for three consecutive terms.
However, he lost and Erna Solberg, the leader of the Conservative Party, was named prime minister. Solberg took office on October 16, Solberg became Norway's second female prime minister. Gro Harlem Brundtland was the first. See also Norwegian dependencies. See also Encyclopedia: Norway.
State Dept. Country Notes: Norway Statistics Norway www. Government Constitutional monarchy. History Norwegians, like the Danes and Swedes, are of Teutonic origin. Next: History.
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